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Increasing Emergence of Wearable, IoT & Smart Devices are Projected to Boost the Opportunities for the ET Chips over the Next Decade. The Envelope Tracking features embedded in the low power integrated circuits result in reduced costs, improved efficiency and increased amounts of front-end integration and consolidation. Published:16 October 2017. I run everything on high and get no lower than 60-70 fps everywhere but fleet. Hard drive is ok? No issues with locking or hanging up? Harmeggido - J'anin - Zophie - Kaase. Especially in crowded areas with particle effects etc. And those issues run across a wide range of players rigs not the 'low end pc demographic like BW came out saying.
The processor is at the bottom. A TU56 dual drive is installed above it.The PDP-11 is a series of sold by (DEC) from 1970 into the 1990s, one of a succession of products in the series. In total, around 600,000 PDP-11s of all models were sold, making it one of DEC's most successful product lines. The PDP-11 is considered by some experts to be the most popular minicomputer ever.The PDP-11 included a number of innovative features in its and additional general-purpose that made it much easier to program than earlier models in the PDP series. Additionally, the innovative system allowed external devices to be easily interfaced to the system using, opening the system to a wide variety of.
The PDP-11 replaced the in many, although both product lines lived in parallel for more than 10 years. The ease of programming of the PDP-11 made it very popular for general-purpose computing uses as well.The design of the PDP-11 inspired the design of late-1970s microprocessors including the and the.
Design features of PDP-11 operating systems, as well as other operating systems from Digital Equipment, influenced the design of other operating systems such as and hence also. The first officially named version of ran on the PDP-11/20 in 1970. It is commonly stated that the took advantage of several low-level PDP-11–dependent programming features, albeit not originally by design.An effort to expand the PDP-11 from 16 to 32-bit addressing led to the design, which took part of its name from the PDP-11. History Previous machinesIn 1963, DEC introduced what is considered to be the first commercial minicomputer in the form of the. This was a 12-bit design adapted from the 1962 machine that was intended to be used in a lab setting.
DEC slightly simplified the LINC system and instruction set, aiming the PDP-5 at smaller settings that did not need the power of their larger 18-bit. The PDP-5 was a success, ultimately selling about 50,000 examples.During this period, the computer market was moving from lengths based on units of 6 bits to units of 8 bits, following the introduction of the 7-bit standard. In 1967–68, DEC engineers designed a 16-bit machine, the PDP-X, but management ultimately canceled the project as it did not appear to offer a significant advantage over their existing 12- and 18-bit platforms.Several of the engineers from the PDP-X left DEC and formed. The next year they introduced the 16-bit.
The Nova was a major success, selling tens of thousands of units and launching what would become one of DEC's major competitors through the 1970s and 80s.ReleaseA subsequent effort, code-named 'Desk Calculator', looked at a variety of options before choosing what became the 16-bit PDP-11; The PDP-11 family was announced in January 1970 and shipments began early that year. DEC sold over 170,000 PDP-11s in the 1970s.Initially manufactured of small-scale, a single-board version of the processor was developed in 1975. A two-or-three-chip processor, the was developed in 1979. The last models of the PDP-11 line were the PDP-11/94 and -11/93 introduced in 1990.
See also:The PDP-11 processor architecture has a mostly. For example, instead of instructions such as load and store, the PDP-11 has a move instruction for which either operand (source and destination) can be memory or register. There are no specific input or output instructions; the PDP-11 uses and so the same move instruction is used; orthogonality even enables moving data directly from an input device to an output device. More complex instructions such as add likewise can have memory, register, input, or output as source or destination.Most operands can apply any of eight addressing modes to eight registers. The addressing modes provide register, immediate, absolute, relative, deferred (indirect), and indexed addressing, and can specify autoincrementation and autodecrementation of a register by one (byte instructions) or two (word instructions). Use of relative addressing lets a machine-language program be.No dedicated I/O instructionsEarly models of the PDP-11 had no dedicated for, but only a called the, as input and output devices were mapped to memory addresses.An input/output device determined the memory addresses to which it would respond, and specified its own. This flexible framework provided by the processor architecture made it unusually easy to invent new bus devices, including devices to control hardware that had not been contemplated when the processor was originally designed.
DEC openly published the basic Unibus specifications, even offering prototyping bus interface circuit boards, and encouraging customers to develop their own Unibus-compatible hardware.The Unibus made the PDP-11 suitable for custom peripherals. One of the predecessors of, the, developed the BTMC DPS-1500 packet-switching network and used PDP-11s in the regional and national network management system, with the Unibus directly connected to the DPS-1500 hardware.Higher-performance members of the PDP-11 family, starting with the PDP-11/45 Unibus and 11/83 Q-bus systems, departed from the single-bus approach. Instead, memory was interfaced by dedicated circuitry and space in the cabinet, while the Unibus continued to be used for I/O only. In the PDP-11/70, this was taken a step further, with the addition of a dedicated interface between disks and tapes and memory, via the. Although input/output devices continued to be mapped into memory addresses, some additional programming was necessary to set up the added bus interfaces.InterruptsThe PDP-11 supports hardware at four priority levels. Interrupts are serviced by software service routines, which could specify whether they themselves could be interrupted (achieving interrupt ).
The event that causes the interrupt is indicated by the device itself, as it informs the processor of the address of its own interrupt vector.Interrupt vectors are blocks of two 16-bit words in low kernel address space (which normally corresponded to low physical memory) between 0 and 776. The first word of the interrupt vector contains the address of the interrupt service routine and the second word the value to be loaded into the PSW (priority level) on entry to the service routine.The article on provides more details on interrupts.Designed for mass productionThe PDP-11 was designed for ease of manufacture by semiskilled labor. The dimensions of its pieces were relatively non-critical. DEC 'Jaws-11' (J11) ChipsetThe LSI-11 (PDP-11/03), introduced in February 1975 is the first PDP-11 model produced using; the entire CPU is contained on four LSI chips made by (the chip set; a fifth chip can be added to extend the instruction set, as pictured on the right). It uses a bus which is a close variant of the Unibus called the LSI Bus or; it differs from the Unibus primarily in that addresses and data are multiplexed onto a shared set of wires rather than having separate sets of wires. It also differs slightly in how it addresses I/O devices and it eventually allowed a 22-bit physical address (whereas the Unibus only allows an 18-bit physical address) and block-mode operations for significantly improved bandwidth (which the Unibus does not support).The CPU includes a: firmware with a direct serial interface ( or ) to a.
This lets the operator do by typing commands and reading numbers, rather than operating switches and reading lights, the typical debugging method at the time. The operator can thus examine and modify the computer's registers, memory, and input/output devices, diagnosing and perhaps correcting failures in software and peripherals (unless a failure disables the microcode itself). The operator can also specify which disk to from.Both innovations increased the reliability and decreased the cost of the LSI-11.Later Q-Bus based systems such as the LSI-11/23, /73, and /83 are based upon chip sets designed in house by Digital Equipment Corporation. Later PDP-11 Unibus systems were designed to use similar Q-Bus processor cards, using a Unibus adapter to support existing Unibus, sometimes with a special memory bus for improved speed.There were other significant innovations in the Q-Bus lineup. For example, a system variant of the PDP-11/03 introduced full system (POST). DeclineThe basic design of the PDP-11 was flexible, and was continually updated to use newer technologies.
However, the limited of the Unibus and Q-bus started to become a system-performance, and the 16-bit logical address limitation hampered the development of larger software applications. The article on describes the hardware and software techniques used to work around address-space limitations.DEC's 32-bit successor to the PDP-11, the (for 'Virtual Address eXtension') overcame the 16-bit limitation, but was initially a aimed at the high-end market. The early VAX CPUs provided a PDP-11 under which much existing software could be immediately used, in parallel with newer 32-bit software, but this capability was dropped with the first.For a decade, the PDP-11 was the smallest system that could run, but in the 1980s, the and its clones largely took over the small computer market; in 1984 reported that the PC's microprocessor outperformed the PDP-11/23 when running Unix. Newer microprocessors such as the (1979) and (1985) also included 32-bit logical addressing. The 68000 in particular facilitated the emergence of a market of increasingly powerful scientific and technical that would often run Unix variants. These included the series 200 (starting with the HP 9826A in 1981) and 300/400, with the system being ported to the 68000 in 1984; workstations running, starting with the in 1982; workstations starting with the DN100 in 1981 running, which was proprietary but offered a degree of Unix compatibility; and the range, which developed into Unix-based workstations by 1985 (IRIS 2000). Personal computers based on the 68000 like the and or the arguably constituted less of a threat to DEC's business, although technically these systems could also run Unix derivatives.
In the early years, in particular, 's was ported to systems like the (with up to 1 MB of memory) in 1983, and to the Apple Lisa, with up to 2 MB of installed RAM, in 1984. The mass-production of those chips eliminated any cost advantage for the 16-bit PDP-11. A line of personal computers based on the PDP-11, the series, failed commercially, along with other non-PDP-11 PC offerings from DEC.In 1994 DEC sold the PDP-11 system-software rights to Mentec Inc., an Irish producer of LSI-11 based boards for Q-Bus and ISA architecture personal computers, and in 1997 discontinued PDP-11 production.
For several years, Mentec produced new PDP-11 processors. Other companies found a for replacements for legacy PDP-11 processors, disk subsystems, etc.By the late 1990s, not only DEC but most of the New England computer industry which had been built around minicomputers similar to the PDP-11 collapsed in the face of microcomputer-based workstations and servers. ModelsThe PDP-11 processors tend to fall into several natural groups depending on the original design upon which they are based and which I/O bus they use. Within each group, most models were offered in two versions, one intended for and one intended for end-users. Although all models share the same instruction set, later models added new instructions and interpreted certain instructions slightly differently.
As the architecture evolved, there were also variations in handling of some processor status and control registers.Unibus models. Later PDP-11/70 with disks and tapeThe following models use the Unibus as their principal bus:. PDP-11/20 and PDP-11/15 — The original, non-microprogrammed processor; designed by Jim O'Loughlin.
Is supported by options using various data formats. The 11/20 lacks any kind of hardware unless retrofitted with a KS-11 add-on. PDP-11/45, PDP-11/50, and PDP-11/55 – A much faster microprogrammed processor that can use up to 256 of semiconductor memory instead of or in addition to; support memory mapping and protection. First model to support an optional FP11 floating-point, which established the format used in later models. PDP-11/35 and PDP-11/40 – successors to the PDP-11/20; the design team was led by Jim O'Loughlin.
PDP-11/05 and PDP-11/10 – A cost-reduced successor to the PDP-11/20. PDP-11/70 – The 11/45 architecture expanded to allow 4 of physical memory segregated onto a private memory bus, 2 kB of cache memory, and much faster I/O devices connected via the Massbus. PDP-11/34 and PDP-11/04 – Cost-reduced follow-on products to the 11/35 and 11/05; the PDP-11/34 concept was created by Bob Armstrong. The 11/34 supports up to 256 kB of Unibus memory. The PDP-11/34a supports a fast floating-point option, and the 11/34c supported a option.
PDP-11/60 – A PDP-11 with user-writable microcontrol store; this was designed by another team led by Jim O'Loughlin. PDP-11/44 – A replacement for the 11/45 and 11/70, introduced in 1980, that supports optional (though apparently always included) cache memory, FP-11 floating-point processor (one circuit board, using sixteen bit slice processors), and commercial instruction set (CIS, two boards).
It includes a sophisticated serial console interface and support for 4 MB of physical memory. The design team was managed by John Sofio. This was the last PDP-11 processor to be constructed using discrete; later models were all microprocessor-based. It was also the last PDP-11 architecture created by, later models were VLSI chip realizations of the existing system architectures.
PDP-11/24 – First VLSI PDP-11 for Unibus, using the 'Fonz-11' (F11) chip set with a Unibus adapter. PDP-11/84 – Using the VLSI (J11) chip set with a Unibus adapter. PDP-11/94 – J11-based, faster than 11/84.Q-bus models. PDP-11/03, cover removed to show the CPU board, with memory board beneath. Two of the CPU chipset's four 40-pin packages have been removed, and the optional is also missing.The following models use the Q-Bus as their principal bus:. PDP-11/03 (also known as the LSI-11/03) – The first PDP-11 implemented with ICs, this system uses a four-package chipset from Western Digital and supports 60 kB of memory.
PDP-11/23 – Second generation of LSI (F-11). Early units supported only 248 kB of memory. PDP-11/23+/MicroPDP-11/23 – Improved 11/23 with more functions on the (larger) processor card. – The third generation LSI-11, this system uses the faster 'Jaws-11' chip set and supports up to 4 MB of memory. MicroPDP-11/53 – Slower 11/73 with on-board memory.
MicroPDP-11/83 – Faster 11/73 with PMI (private memory interconnect). MicroPDP-11/93 – Faster 11/83; final DEC Q-Bus PDP-11 model.
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KXJ11 – QBUS card (M7616) with PDP-11 based peripheral processor and DMA controller. PDT-11/150. PDT-11/110.
PDT-11/130. PDT-11/150The PDT series were desktop systems marketed as 'smart terminals'. The /110 and /130 were housed in a terminal enclosure. The /150 was housed in a table-top unit which included two 8-inch floppy drives, three asynchronous serial ports, one printer port, one modem port and one synchronous serial port and required an external terminal.
All three employed the same chipset as used on the LSI-11/03 and LSI-11/2 in four 'microm's. There is an option which combines two of the microms into one dual carrier, freeing one socket for an EIS/FIS chip.
The /150 in combination with a terminal was also sold as, a budget version of the. PRO-325. PRO-350. PRO-380The series are desktop PCs intended to compete with IBM's earlier and based personal computers. The models are equipped with 5¼ inch floppy disk drives and hard disks, except the 325 which has no hard disk. The original operating system was P/OS, which was essentially M+ with a menu system on top.
As the design was intended to avoid software exchange with existing PDP-11 models, their ill fate in the market was no surprise for anyone except DEC. The operating system was eventually ported to the PRO series. A port of to the PRO series was also done internal to DEC, but it was not released. The PRO-325 and -350 units are based on the DCF-11 ('Fonz') chipset, the same as found in the 11/23, 11/23+ and 11/24. The PRO-380 is based on the DCJ-11 ('Jaws') chipset, the same as found in the 11/53,73,83 and others, though running only at 10 MHz because of limitations in the support chipset.Models that were planned but never introduced. PDP-11/27 – A Jaws-11 implementation that would have used the as its principal I/O bus.
PDP-11/68 – A follow-on to the PDP-11/60 that would have supported 4 MB of physical memory. PDP-11/74 – A PDP-11/70 that was extended to contain multiprocessing features. Up to four processors could be interconnected, although the physical cable management became unwieldy. Another variation on the 11/74 contained both the multiprocessing features and the Commercial Instruction Set. A substantial number of prototype 11/74s (of various types) were built and at least two multiprocessor systems were sent to customers for beta testing, but no systems were ever officially sold. A four processor system was maintained by the RSX-11 operating system development team for testing and a system served PDP-11 engineering for general purpose timesharing.
The 11/74 was due to be introduced around the same time as the announcement of the new 32-bit product line and the first model: the VAX 11/780. The 11/74 was cancelled because of concern for its field maintainability, though employees believed the real reason was that it outperformed the 11/780 and would inhibit its sales. In any case, DEC never entirely migrated its PDP-11 customer base to the VAX. The primary reason was not performance, but the PDP-11's superior real-time responsiveness. Special-purpose versions. Robot arm controller. The robot arm controllers used Q-Bus LSI-11/73 systems with a DEC M8192 / KDJ11-A processor board and two DEC DLV11-J (M8043) async serial interface boards.
SBC 11/21 (boardname KXT11) Falcon and Falcon Plus – single board computer on a Qbus card implementing the basic PDP-11 instruction set, based on T11 chipset containing 32 KB static RAM, two ROM sockets, three serial lines, 20 bit parallel I/O, three interval timers and a two-channel DMA controller. Up to 14 Falcons could be placed into one Qbus system. KXJ11 – QBUS card (M7616) with PDP-11 based peripheral processor and DMA controller. Based on a J11 CPU equipped with 512 kB RAM, 64 kB ROM and parallel and serial interfaces. HSC high end CI disk controllers used backplane mounted J11 and F11 processor cards to run their CHRONIC operating system. VAX Console – The PC-38N with a real-time interface (RTI) was used as the console for the. The RTI has two serial line units: one connects to the VAX environmental monitoring module (EMM) and the other is a spare that could be used for data transfer.
The RTI also has a programmable peripheral interface (PPI) consisting of three 8-bit ports for transferring data, address, and control signals between console and the VAX console interface.Unlicensed clonesThe PDP-11 was sufficiently popular that many unlicensed PDP-11-compatible minicomputers and microcomputers were produced in countries. Some were pin-compatible with the PDP-11 and could use its peripherals and system software.
These include:., series, and (in the )., and peripherals (in ). MERA-60 in.
SM-1620, SM-1630 (in )., TPA-1140, TPA-1148, TPA-11/440 (in ). SM-4/20, SM 52-11, JPR-12R (in Czechoslovakia). CalData – Made in U.S., ran all DEC OS's. the CORAL series (made at in ) and the series (made at ITC ) running the operating system (in ). The CORAL series had several models: the CORAL 4001 was roughly equivalent to the PDP-11/04, the CORAL 4011 was a PDP 11/34 clone, while the CORAL 4030 was a PDP-11/44 clone. These were used in public universities, originally operated with, later through video terminals like the Romanian, to teach FORTRAN and Pascal, until replaced by IBM PC compatibles, starting in 1991.
TU10 drive.A wide range of peripherals were available; some of them were also used in other DEC systems like the or.The following are some of the more common PDP-11 peripherals. CR11 – reader. DL11 – single for either or. LA30/LA36 – printing keyboard terminal. LP11 – high speed.
PC11 – high speed reader/punch. RA,RD series – fixed platter. – hard disk with exchangeable platter. – hard disk with exchangeable platter. RM,RP series – exchangeable multi-platter hard disk.
RX01/RX02 – 8-inch. TU11 – drive. – tape system. /VT50// – video display terminal. UseThe PDP-11 family of computers was used for many purposes. It was used as a standard minicomputer for general-purpose computing, such as, scientific, educational, medical, or business computing.
Another common application was and.Some models were also frequently used as to control complex systems like traffic-light systems, medical systems, or for network-management. An example of such use of PDP-11s was the management of the packet switched network 1. In the 1980s, the UK's radar processing was conducted on a PDP 11/34 system known as PRDS – Processed Radar Display System at RAF West Drayton. The software for the medical also ran on a 32K PDP 11/23.In 2013, it was reported that PDP-11 programmers would be needed to control nuclear power plants through 2050.Another use was for storage of test programs for equipment, in a system known as the TSD (Test System Director).
As such, they were in use until their software was rendered inoperable by the. Navy used a PDP-11/34 to control its Multi-station Spatial Disorientation Device, a simulator used in pilot training, until 2007, when it was replaced by a PC-based emulator that could run the original PDP-11 software and interface with custom Unibus controller cards.A PDP-11/45 was used for the experiment that discovered the at the. In 1976, received the for this discovery.
08.21.2012 , 04:36 AM | #1 | |
Intel Core i7 2600 @ 3.4 GHZ. AMD Radeon 6970M 2 GB VRAM (Thats correct, Two gigs of video ram). 16gb Ram. WIndows 7 (64 bit). Resolution 2560 x 1440. I can hit 60 fps with vsync on, shader low, shadows off, AA off, and rest maxed. What I can not figure out is why I can not have graphics to the max and be smooth. RIght now the graphics is ridged, laggy, and severely lacking considering my system specs. Is there something I am doing wrong? If VSYNC is off the fps hovers at 111. I have read many forum posts but this one is unique in that I am using a higher end system and still seeing issues. I did put the swtor program on compatibility mode with Windows XP (Service Pack 3). It is not a latency issue, the cable goes directly from the Modem to my PC without splitters and I use a Motorola Surfboard SB6120. Nor is it a heat issue even after hours of gameplay. CPU usage ranges from 8-15%. Memory usage is 3.8 GB (24%). Hopefully a tech genius will see this and explain what is going on. Thank you! |
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